Related Papers
IntechOpen eBooks
Aflatoxins: Toxicity, Occurrences and Chronic Exposure
2022 •
Bismark Dabuo, Gabriel O Koomson
Environmental Health Perspectives
Does aflatoxin exposure in the United Kingdom constitute a cancer risk?
1993 •
Joanne Harrison
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A
Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin (AFB 1 ) in Poultry Production
2012 •
Susana Viegas, L. Veiga, Elisabete Carolino, carla viegas
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
Aflatoxins in food products consumed in Brazil: a preliminary dietary risk assessment
2013 •
Eloisa Caldas, P. Andrade
In Vivo Toxicological and Histopathological Effects of Aflatoxin B1Exposure and Related Risk
Peter Juma Ochieng
Aflatoxin B 1 are toxic metabolites of Aspergilus flavas and Aspergilus parasiticus which usually contaminant foods such peanuts, corn, and other grains as well as animal feeds resulting into intoxication. Studies have been conducted to elucidated the mechanism of AFB 1 toxicity however, there is still a challenge explore the risk associated with AFB 1. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to performed toxicological and histopathological analysis of aflatoxin B 1 and related risk. Populations of mice were treated with ascending dosed of 3mg/Kg, 6mg/Kg, 9mg/Kg and 12mg/Kg of AFB 1. the LD 50 was then recorded, the liver biopsy from scarified and dead mice were screened for analysis of distribution of AFB 1. Enzyme transaminases activity and total bilirubin content was then analysed by spectrometry, histology was then on performed on biopsy lastly; prothrobin time analysis conducted to assess the effect of AFB 1 on blood clotting factors. From the results death occurred within 48 hours for most mice treated with doses of 9mg/Kg and 12mg/Kg, biochemical test showed significant increase transaminases (ALT, AST and AP) activity with fluctuation of bilrubin content with gradual increases in prothrobin time (PTT). Liver biopsy showed bile duct proliferation, vacuolation of hepatocytes, enlargement of hepatic cells, fatty infiltration, necrosis, hemorrhage, and apoptosis. We concluded that prolonged consumption of AFB 1 contaminated feed or food at dose range of 3-6 mg/Kg may result to development of hepatocellular carcinoma while 9-12mg/Kg AFB 1 may lead to server liver injury. Thus there are higher risk of AFB 1 to induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mutagenic and Immune-suppression to both humans and animals.
Archives of Animal and Poultry Sciences
Aflatoxin B1 Production, Toxicity, Mechanism of Carcinogenicity, Risk Management, and Regulations
2021 •
Chinaza G Awuchi
Aflatoxin B1 is released by A. flavus and A. parasiticus. It is well known strong carcinogenic substance with median lethal dose (TD50) of 3.2 μg per kg a day in rat model. Mechanism of AFB1 carcinogenicity has been defined. The carcinogenicity of AFB1 differs from species with certain species, e.g. monkeys and rats, reportedly mostly susceptible compared to the other species. In animals and humans, aflatoxin B1 has been shown to be teratogenic, mutagenic, and immunosuppressant. The worldwide maximum tolerated aflatoxin B1 levels was reported by the FAO to be within 1 to 20 μg per kg in food; 5 to 50 μg per kg in cattle feed. Aflatoxin B1 permeates via skin. Dermal exposures to AFB1 in specific conditions usually result in concerning health risk. Liver is organ mostly vulnerable to the toxicity of AFB1. AFB1 is a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen that has its exposures linked to hepatocellular carcinoma development, tumors of the liver, particularly when simultaneously occurred with hepatitis B viral infection. The hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence in people exposed to aflatoxins, has shown to increase with simultaneous occurrence of hepatitis B viral infection. Oral median lethal dose (LD50) of AFB1 is 0.3 to 17.9 mg per kg bw for many animals. Embryonic deaths and weakened development of embryo of Fabricius bursa in chicken by AFB1 was reported. Exposures to aflatoxin B1 is mostly taken care of with the measures directed at the prevention of crop contamination in field, handling in post-harvest, and also in storage, or through measures targeted at identifying and disinfecting contaminated foods and feeds, as well as the materials used in their preparation.
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences
A Review on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Attributable to Chronic Aflatoxins' Exposure in Malaysia for the Last Two Decades
2021 •
BAHAUDDEEN SALISU
High relative humidity and warm climate in Malaysia are essential for the thriving and flourishing of aflatoxin-producing fungi and subsequent contamination of various stored products with aflatoxins which are immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, genotoxic, enterotoxic and highly carcinogenic proteins. The present review aimed to examine the associable incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma to prolong aflatoxins exposure from foods in Malaysia for the last two decades. The reports from the various literature showed that aflatoxins contamination of foods ranges from 0.004µg/kg to 547.5 µg/kg; attributable dietary exposure to aflatoxins ranges from 0.01ng/kgbw/day to 278.95ng/ kgbw/day; estimated percentage incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma per 100,000 Malaysians associable to the reported dietary exposure levels is 0.0045 to 142.24% from 1998 to 2009 and 0.00039 to 51.84% from 2010 to 2020, indicating significant retardation in exposure levels. However, aflatoxin biomarkers in urine (AFM1) and serum (aflatoxin-albumin) range from 0.0024 to 5.34ng/ml and 0.20 to 23.16pg/mg, respectively; thus signifying an estimated 0.15-4.08% of liver cancer cases/100,000 population/year in Malaysia. It increases by 3.93% from 2012 to 2020, as the mean levels of biomarkers increased, indicating an increase in exposure to dietary AFB1 in Malaysia. However such increase in aflatoxin biomarkers contrary to the reported estimated dietary exposure, indicates there are other sources of dietary exposure to aflatoxins. Hence there is a need for more research works to cover the other possible sources of exposure such as meat and egg products that are highly consumed in Malaysia, but have not been previously investigated/screened for aflatoxins at consumer level.
Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
Molecular biomarkers for aflatoxins: from adducts to gene mutations to human liver cancer
1996 •
John Groopman
Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Contributory Factor to Rising Carcinogenicity
Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Contributory Factor to Rising Carcinogenicity
2019 •
Onyinyechi Kalu, shaibu ochoche
Aflatoxins are a family of toxins produced by certain fungi that are found on agricultural crops such as maize (corn), peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts. The main fungi that produce aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are abundant in warm and humid regions of the world. Aflatoxin-producing fungi can contaminate crops in the field, at harvest, and during storage. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by different strains of fungi, like Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, widely found as contaminants in a great variety of crops—cereals, oilseeds, tree nuts and spices (Silvia Marchese et al., 2018). Although it is well known that a hot and humid climate promotes diffusion of aflatoxin-producing moulds, representing a greater hazard in tropical areas of the world, the contamination is commonly due to the combination of meteorological conditions, environmental factors and improper agricultural practices, like incorrect harvesting and storage of crops. Indirect exposure to aflatoxins is another point of concern to human and animal health since these compounds can be transferred to offspring during gestation or lactation, or to other species upon the assumption of contaminated products like milk, eggs and meat (Silvia Marchese et al., 2018). Accordingly, for all these reasons aflatoxins still represent a great socio-economic and health issue for both developing and industrialized countries.
Aflatoxins - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Aflatoxins and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health: An Emerging Problem
2011 •
SUSANA PATRICIA CASTRO
